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Styles Assets Organization 

Files structure with styles should be the following:

MyBundle/
    Resources/
        public/
            my-theme/
                scss/
                    components/
                        input/input.scss
                        button/button.scss
                    settings/
                        global-settings.scss
                    variables/
                        input-config/input-config.scss
                        button-config/button-config.scss
                    styles.scss

All styles should be placed in components folder with the same file name as a block name. For example: components/input/input.scss:

.input {
    display: inline-block;
    padding: $input-padding;
    font-size: $font-size;
    font-family: $input-font-family;
    line-height: $input-line-height;
    border: $border;
    color: $input-color;
}

Another example: components/button/button.scss:

.button {
    display: inline-block;
    padding: $button-padding;
    font-size: $font-size;
    font-family: $button-font-family;
    line-height: $button-line-height;
    border: $border;
    color: $button-color;
}

Global settings should contain global variables for blocks. For example: global-settings.scss:

$font-size: 12px;
$font-family: 'Thamoma';
$line-height: 1.1;

All block variables should be placed in variables folder. Files should contain configs for blocks that can be reconfigured in my-custom-theme. For example, input-config.scss:

$input-padding: 8px 9px !default;
$input-font-size: $font-size !default;
$input-font-family: $font-family !default;
$input-line-height: $line-height !default;
$input-color: blue !default;

Another example: button-config.scss:

$button-padding: 18px 9px !default;
$button-font-size: $font-size !default;
$button-font-family: $font-family !default;
$button-line-height: $line-height !default;
$button-color: yellow !default;

To add blocks to resulting styles.css file, include them into styles.scss:

@import: './components/input/input';
@import: './components/button/button';

To include configs in the resulting styles.css file, add them to the assets.yml file located in MyBundle/Resources/views/layouts/my-theme/config/:

css:
    inputs:
        - 'bundles/mybundle/my-theme/scss/settings/global-settings.scss'
        - 'bundles/mybundle/my-theme/scss/variables/button-config.scss'
        - 'bundles/mybundle/my-theme/scss/variables/input-config.scss'
        - 'bundles/mybundle/my-theme/scss/styles.scss'
    output: 'css/styles.css'

The resulting styles.css file is the following:

.input {
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 8px 9px;
    font-size: 12px;
    font-family: 'Thamoma';
    line-height: 1.1;
    color: blue;
}
.button {
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 18px 9px;
    font-size: 12px;
    font-family: 'Thamoma';
    line-height: 1.1;
    color: yellow;
}

Theme Customization by Theme Extending 

In custom themes you can change globals and settings for a particular component by changing the value of the variable under the same name. You can also make your own configs for new or existing components in the extended theme.

We use styles from my-theme and configs from my-custom-theme. For example: components/input/input.scss:

.button {
    border: $input-border;

    &--full {
        width:  100%;
    }
}

Another example: global-settings.scss

$font-size: 14px;
$font-family: 'Arial';

Another example: input-config.scss:

$input-border: 1px solid red;
$input-color: purple;

Assets.yml for my-custom-theme should be the following:

css:
    inputs:
        - 'bundles/mybundle/my-custom-theme/scss/settings/global-settings.scss'
        - 'bundles/mybundle/my-custom-theme/scss/variables/input-config.scss'
        - 'bundles/mybundle/my-custom-theme/scss/styles.scss'
    output: 'css/styles.css'

The resulting styles.css file are the following:

.input {
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 8px 9px;
    font-size: 14px;
    font-family: 'Arial';
    line-height: 1.1;
    color: purple;
    border: 1px solid red;
}
.button {
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 18px 9px;
    font-size: 14px;
    font-family: 'Arial';
    line-height: 1.1;
    color: yellow;
}
.button--full {
    width: 100%
}

Before dumps, all files are collected into one for each theme. For my-theme - in file application/commerce/public/build/my-theme/styles.css.scss:

@import 'my-theme/settings/global-settings';
@import 'my-theme/variables/input-config';
@import 'my-theme/variables/button-config';
@import 'my-theme/styles';

For my-custom-theme - in file application/commerce/public/build/my-custom-theme/styles.css.scss:

@import 'my-theme/settings/global-settings';
@import 'my-custom-theme/settings/global-settings';
@import 'my-theme/variables/input-config';
@import 'my-theme/variables/button-config';
@import 'my-custom-theme/variables/input-config';
@import 'my-custom-theme/variables/button-config';
@import 'my-theme/styles';
@import 'my-custom-theme/styles';